In fact, the troposphere contains three-quarters of the mass of the entire atmosphere. 3 years. e. Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of the Earth, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 1) The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. an estimate of how stratosphere-troposphere exchange depends upon changes of the residual circulation. Because of this absorption, the. These layers are the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere and the thermosphere. Increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have resulted in the warming of the troposphere and cooling of the stratosphere which is caused by two mechanisms. In 1913 the ozone layer, which protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation, was discovered. It extends above the tropopause to an altitude of about 30 miles (50 km) above the planet's surface. A review of the papers dealing with various aspects of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) is presented. 3. The stratopause is the term for the stratosphere's highest point. The active, changing layer. From the Earth's surface to the top of the stratosphere (50km) is just under 1% of Earth's radius. In the lower atmosphere (the troposphere) near the Earth’s surface, ozone is created by chemical reactions between air. Composition: The troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere are all part of the Earth’s atmosphere, which is primarily composed of nitrogen ( about 78%) and oxygen ( about 21% ). There are 5280 feet in a mile so this is about 6 miles (about is usually close enough in this class). The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. 2 m) observation tower, the tallest in the United States. noun. The stratosphere is a region of the Earth’s atmosphere, above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. The North China Plain (NCP) is a major region of summer O 3 pollution in China. The term ‘ozone hole’ refers to the depletion of the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) over Earth's polar regions. The stratosphere stretches between 15 and 50 kilometers up from the Earth's surface. Stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) plays a crucial role in tropospheric chemistry because enriched ozone (O 3) in stratospheric air influences the tropospheric O 3 budget and participates in the tropospheric photochemical cycle [Hsu et al. 1478 Accesses. Page Author: Climate Prediction Center Internet Team. 10hPa Temperature over the North Pole. This was first realized by Alan Brewer in his pioneering analysis of balloon measurements in the 1940s, where he reported that the atmospheric water content is. The lower boundary of the stratosphere is known as tropopause while the upper boundary is called the stratopause. The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. The stratosphere is the second layer of Earth's atmosphere. The over-world is the region above the (approximately) 380 K isentropic surface andlies entirely inthe stratosphere. This pushes up the. To get Baumgartner up to the stratosphere, his team had to construct a helium balloon the size of 33 football pitches – weighing 3,708lbs. This "wave activity" paddle causes the air to move poleward in the stratosphere, which causes the rising in the tropics, and the sinking in the polar region. e. With height, the stratosphere's air becomes warmer. The mesosphere ( / ˈmɛsəˌsfɪər, ˈmɛz -, ˈmiːsə -, - zə -/; [1] from Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos) 'middle', and - sphere) is the third layer of the atmosphere, directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. It has long been known that. The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -90° C (-130° F), are found near. , October–April) blocks and extratropical cyclones. 1. SPARC is renowned for its role in assessing the value of long-term climate data records. Climate - Stratospheric, Mesospheric, Winds: The winds in the stratosphere and mesosphere are usually estimated from temperature data collected by satellites. 2 from the stratosphere by converting it to nitric acid in PSC particles, which then are lost by sedimentation. The troposphere is bonded on the top by a layer of air called the tropopause, which separates the troposphere from the stratosphere, and on bottom by the surface of the Earth. The thermosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. 1 percent other gases. The meaning of STRATOSPHERE is the part of the earth's atmosphere which extends from the top of the troposphere to about 30 miles (50 kilometers) above the surface and in which temperature increases gradually to about 32°F (0°C) and clouds rarely form. Two. 1. The stratosphere is a major stable layer whose base is marked by the tropopause, and where temperatures overall average approximately −60 °C. 5 Chemical Processes in the Stratosphere and Troposphere 209 5. The troposphere is characterized by decreasing temperature with height and is distinguished. E) In the. Thermosphere. In the lower stratosphere the temperature is constant and the pressure decreases exponentially. Stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) is a part of the general circulation of the atmosphere that transports air and atmospheric constituents across the tropopause (Mohanakumar, 2008). The stratosphere is located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. Below is the troposphere, in which humans live, and here carbon dioxide heats and expands the air. The stratosphere can affect the troposphere and surface through various chemical, radiative, and dynamical processes. An increase in O 3, will produce more OḢ, which decreases lifetime of many trace gases, such as methane (CH. First, the ozone in the stratosphere, which protects us from biologically destructive solar ultraviolet light, exists at such high levels that the air itself is toxic. Stratosphere is the 2nd layer. The meaning of STRATOSPHERE is the part of the earth's atmosphere which extends from the top of the troposphere to about 30 miles (50 kilometers) above the surface and in which temperature increases gradually to about 32°F (0°C) and clouds rarely form. The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. The ozone layer is a thin layer of the stratosphere made of a gas called ozone. There, wave-induced forces drive a kind of global. Looming in the stratosphere higher than Everest, these billowing clouds of smoke, moisture and gas appear only above the. The troposphere, being the lowest layer of the atmosphere, is where most of our weather occurs. Unlike the troposphere below it, which gets cooler as altitude increases, temperatures in the stratosphere increase as altitude does, because the top of the stratosphere is heated by direct absorption of ultraviolet radiation by our. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Recent studies indicate that. Attractions. Temperature is very much affected by the sun here; it can be 360 degrees Fahrenheit. Scientists believe there may be an association between the ozone concentration and the nacreous cloud. Focusing on a typical event on 9–12 May 2015, when STT occurs over the. The stratosphere is the layer in the atmosphere above the troposphere. However, STE is still poorly understood and inadequately. Abstract The stratosphere contains ~17% of Earth’s atmospheric mass, but its existence was unknown until 1902. The lower stratospheric ozone absorbs the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and protects life on the Earth. Ozone is mainly found in two regions of the Earth's atmosphere. Chapter. Compare More Words. We also carry many other top brands including Gibson, Gretsch, Bigsby, Seymour Duncan and much more. The stratosphere is home to the all-important ozone layer, which filters harmful UV radiation from the sun. The stratosphere is also of particular interest to scientists because of its role in influencing climate. Modifications of STE in a changing climate may affect stratospheric ozone depletion and the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere significantly. It is characterized by high temperature and large variability, in response to changes in solar ultraviolet radiation and solar-driven. The winds at these high levels are assumed to be geostrophic. Ozone is a gas made up of three oxygen atoms (O 3 ). This Las Vegas fine dining restaurant features culinary delights served in an elegant atmosphere with unparalleled views of the city as the restaurant revolves 360 degrees every 80 minutes. Earth’s atmosphere has six layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, the ionosphere, and the exosphere. The stratosphere is the layer of the Earth’s atmosphere located above the troposphere, extending from about 10 to 50 kilometers above the surface. The infamous ozone layer is found within the stratosphere. A jacket for the planet. The exosphere includes the uppermost region of Earth's atmosphere as it gradually fades into the vacuum of space. Most of the mass (about 75-80%) of the atmosphere is in the troposphere. This layer separates the rest of the atmosphere from outer space. Multiple Choice. Multiple Choice. ETH climate researcher Daniela Domeisen has documented how the stratosphere influences extreme weather events. Shop 24/7 to build a better guitar! Top Rated Seller The STRATosphere is one of eBay's most. C) Most ozone is located in the stratosphere D) The stratosphere is stratified with the densest, coldest air at the bottom. Abstract Two distinct dynamical processes near the dynamical tropopause (2-PVU surface) and their relation are discussed in this study: stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) and the formation of distinct potential vorticity (PV) structures in the form of stratospheric and tropospheric streamers and cutoffs on isentropic surfaces. (v) the troposphere at 8–15 km. According to NOAA, the creation of ozone in this layer results in heat which. The tropopause is shown by the thick line. Atmospheric pressure: The air exerts pressure on earth’s surface by virtue of its weight. As nouns the difference between troposphere and stratosphere is that troposphere is the lower levels of the atmosphere extending from the earth's surface up to the tropopause. Rossby wave breaking (RWB) is a leading mechanism that triggers STT, which can be categorized as. But new designs could usher in a golden age of stratospheric flight. Temperatures climb sharply in the lower thermosphere (below 200 to 300 km altitude), then level off and hold fairly steady. In this study, meteorological reanalysis data, O 3 observations, and. stratosphere The atmospheric layer above the troposphere, which extends on average from about 10 to 50 km above the Earth's surface. 30hPa Temperature over the North Pole. 2 days ago · A lot of this progress has come from cheaper and more widespread renewable energy. J. There are no storms or turbulence here to mix up the air, so cold, heavy air is at the bottom and warm, light air is at the top. The infamous ozone layer is found within the stratosphere. Nevertheless, there are very limited studies on the quantification of the effect. They found plume lifetimes in the stratosphere ranging from 4. Water. Evolution of the coupling in future. In 2015 global installed solar capacity was 230 gigawatts; last year it was 1,050. Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) is an important term. Chemical, radiative or dynamical coupling between troposphere and stratosphere is an important aspect of the climate system. Stratosphere Circulation. NOAA Center for Weather and Climate Prediction. The stratosphere is the layer of the Earth 's atmosphere between the troposphere and the mesosphere. The mesosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The stratosphere is the 20-to-60-kilometer atmospheric layer surrounding the earth above the troposphere, the layer that extends from the surface to approximately 20 kilometers. In fact, the troposphere contains three-quarters of the mass of the entire atmosphere. Note part of the thermosphere and all of the exosphere are beyond this mark. low pressure), ultraviolet-drenched environment, which is why it serves as an apt analog to life on other worlds with similar conditions. Because of the lower stratosphere's generally calmer air than the troposphere, commercial passenger aircraft will travel there. The stratosphere includes the zone commonly called the ‘ozone layer’. Barometers are used to measure air pressure in milibars. Stratosphere: 14 to 64 km (9 to about 31 miles) Unlike the troposphere, temperatures in this layer increase with elevation. Troposphere Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and Thermosphere. 000157 * h) The upper stratosphere model is used for altitudes above 25,000 meters. During winter, even though PSCs are at their. 9. In this layer, the temperature normally rises as you go further up, and it has something to do with the ozone layer inside the stratosphere. 54 ( 0. This textbook describes various physical, radiative, dynamical and chemical processes involved in the coupling between the Stratosphere and Troposphere. The temperature in the lower stratosphere is extremely stable and cold at -70deg. STRATOSPHERE–TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE | Global Aspects. Its name comes from the fact that gases in these layers are excited by solar radiation to. They combine to create a protective sheild that maintains our delicate energy balance essential for life on Earth. e. Typical time scales and geographic features of STE are described. ) The highest temperatures in the atmosphere occur in the _____ because _____. This region is called the tropopause. Twelve years of ozonesondes data (2000–2007, 2012–2015) from Irene station operating in the framework of the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesodes (SHADOZ) was used to study the troposphere (0–16. One mechanism involves the conversion of translational energy of. Haynes 2 and Michael E. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause . This also means there aren’t. 3. Therefore, tropospheric weather and climate system is coupled with the stratospheric thermal structure, dynamics, and the evolution of the ozone layer. Stratospheric ozone intrusion plays an important role in affecting the tropospheric ozone concentrations in the troposphere through stratosphere to troposphere transport (STT). “Exo” means outside and is the same prefix used to describe insects like grasshoppers that have a hard shell or “exoskeleton” on the outside of. There are 3 steps to solve this one. So. Planes and jets will sometimes. The tropopause is a thermodynamic gradient-stratification layer that marks the end of the troposphere, and is approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) above the equatorial regions. Ozone protects life on Earth from the Sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The stratosphere is one of five layers of the earth's atmosphere. The following list highlights the characteristics and facts of the stratosphere in more detail. , Zachariasse et. We know all of our weather occurs in the atmosphere. The meaning of STRATOSPHERE is the part of the earth's atmosphere which extends from the top of the troposphere to about 30 miles (50 kilometers) above the surface and in. The tropopause and the stratopause separate the layers, respectively, the two transition zones between layers. Stratosphere Facts: Understand Its Unique & Interesting Features. It extends from about 50 to 85 km (31 to 53 miles) above our planet. Let’s dive deep and learn a few things about each layer. The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere. It’s thinnest at the North and South Pole. Jets fly in the lower stratosphere to avoid turbulence in the troposphere. The stratosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. So while the Brewer-Dobson circulation cell is created due to mass continuity requirements, ultimately,Cloudscape and stratosphere from above at 30000 feet. 2). Roble, in Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (Second Edition), 2015 Synopsis. This is what makes the stratosphere so stable. 1. Focusing on a typical event on 9–12 May 2015, when STT occurs over the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China, the observations. The stratosphere is coupled to the troposphere via interactions between atmospheric waves and the large-scale circulation, which drives weather patterns. The stratosphere is above the troposphere and contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the sun's. 1 pt. This upwelling followed by downwelling and horizontal transport in the. The stratosphere is located above the troposphere, i. The stratosphere is the second atmospheric layer from the ground level. 2012), resulting in positive PV. the upper stratosphere to several years in the lower stratosphere, reflecting the abundance of O atoms (Figure 10-4, problem 10. The atmosphere is divided into five layers. Stratosphère : hauteur, température, et couche d'ozone. Douglass 3 and Richard B. The distance from the planetary surface to the edge of the stratosphere is ±50 km, less than 1. A kilometer is one thousand meters. The main source of water vapor in the middle and upper stratosphere is methane oxidation in the stratosphere 8,9, but in the lower and middle stratosphere the main source is the transport of air. Key Takeaways. This approach places stratosphere-troposphere exchange in the framework of the general circulation and helps to clarify the roles of the different mechanisms involved and the interplay between large and small scales. S&P/TSX 60 Index. Tropopause [2] The troposphere and the stratosphere have fundamentally different characteristics (e. Stratosphere. Life would not have been sustainable on earth without the ozone layer located in the stratosphere. Studies in recent years have found convincing evidence that the monsoon has significant impact on stratosphere troposphere exchange (STE) [e. See moreWhat is the stratosphere? The stratosphere is a layer of Earth’s atmosphere. the brown region is the atmospheric boundary layer. 5 to 8 months and maximum altitudes of the plume between ≈17 and ≈25 km, depending on some. Stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) is an important source of tropospheric ozone, affecting all of atmospheric chemistry, climate, and air quality. 65 * exp(1. The Dobson unit is a measure of the number of molecules of ozone in a vertical column of the atmosphere. It is June 2022, and a. When the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano erupted on January 15, 2022 in the South Pacific, it produced a shock wave felt around the world and triggered. io is the investment research platform that combines software tools, analytics and premium in-house research in one place. The stratosphere is above the troposphere and contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. In the lower stratosphere the temperature is constant and the pressure decreases exponentially. The upper stratosphere bears the distinction of being the most stable region of significant mass in the Earth's atmosphere. The original field developed out of observations by Woodman and Guillen (1974) of radar echoes observed from tropospheric heights using a 50 MHz ionospheric radar in Peru. 46 p = 22. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1034 gm per square centimeter. Small but mighty Atmospheric particles, also called aerosols, are microscopic bits of liquid or solid material suspended in the air that can be emitted directly or transported from the lower atmosphere (like soot or dust). This is because this is the first layer of significant air density that can cause a burn up by friction from space into the earth. (formerly) all of the earth's atmosphere lying outside the troposphere. The nacreous cloud (mother-of-pearl) also occurs in the stratosphere. Zone. In terms of incoming solar radiation. 04 %) Stratosphere. stratosphere (n. Simple, clear and accessible. An increase in the NAO index leads to a stronger stratospheric vortex, about. stratosphere is a passive recipient of ener-gy and waves from weather systems in the underlying troposphere, but recent evi-dence suggests otherwise. About the Author. Because this layer is much closer to the sun, it can reach temperatures up to 2,000 °C (3,600 °F)Engineers apply the knowledge of math & science to design and manufacture maintainable systems used to solve specific problems. 1 Introduction. 1209. 7) Substituting (10. NOTE: The images for AMJ, JAS, and OND. Stratospheric Air Pressure. , 2003; Roff et al. Radiosondes play a vital role in the validation of space-based observations of our atmosphere. The layers of the atmosphere are basically divided on the basis of temperature variation with altitude. Mcintyre 2 Anne R. 4. With help from the group and. stratosphere is the "wave activity" in the extratropical middle and upper stratosphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere in direct contact with the Earth's surface (Fig. The stratosphere. That's why airline pilots prefer to fly in the stratosphere. “Exo” means outside and is the same prefix used to describe insects like grasshoppers that have a hard shell or “exoskeleton” on the outside of their body. The stratosphere is the second major layer of the atmosphere, starting at heights of 8–20 km and extending to 50 km above the surface. Our atmosphere supports life on Earth. This stability is thermal in origin, with a negative lapse rate of approximately 0. is a concentration of ozone molecules in the. The atmosphere consists of thin layers of gases. Abstract. Earth’s atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0. Because of the lower stratosphere's generally calmer air than the troposphere, commercial passenger aircraft will travel there. Trace amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and neon are some of the other gases that make up the remaining 0. The air temperature at the tropopause is about minus 80 0C over the equator and about minus 45oC over the poles. For this reason, there is not a lot of turbulence in the stratosphere. Question: in which of these layers of the atmosphere does the temperature decreases with increasing altitude?choose all that apply. The stratosphere is the second of five layers in the atmosphere. Temperature decreases with height. Holton • Peter H. , Langford 1999;Cooper et al. Abstract The extratropical circulation response to cooling of the polar-winter stratosphere in a simple AGCM is investigated. The troposphere and the stratosphere are separated by a boundary called the tropopause, whose altitude varies from about 16 km in the tropics to about 8 km near the poles. At this region, clouds and other weather-related phenomenon do not take place thus is ideal for flying planes. Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere; Exosphere; The mesosphere is the layer, 35 kilometers thick, of the atmosphere where most of the meteors that enter earth's atmosphere burn up. g. Mcintyre 2 Anne R. The Earth's ozone layer ozone layerThe region of the stratosphere containing the bulk of atmospheric ozone. The study of impacts needs STE fluxes to be resolved by latitude and month, and for this, we rely on global chemistry models, whose results diverge greatly. The air in the stratosphere gets warmer with increasing height. 0. The stratosphere reaches from the tropopause to a height of about 50 km. It also contains most of the atmosphere’s ozone, triplet molecules made from three oxygen atoms. An atmosphere is made of the layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body. ) 2. 8 K over the last four decades (1979–2018). SPARC – Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate. The “downward impact” of the stratospheric variability provides a long lead information (0-60 days) to Arctic oscillation and the associated. It has not been widely applied to seasonal predictability in other seasons. The gross CTMF (the sum of upward and downward mass flux) shows. No hay tormentas ni turbulencias aquí para mezclar el aire, por eso el aire esta frío y pesado y está en la parte inferior y el aire caliente y ligero está en la parte superior. The lower portion of the stratosphere. troposphere; infrared radiation from the ground heats this layer more than any other layer B. Temperature increases with height. Earth’s atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases. 1. This layer of our atmosphere has its own set of layers. The overall latitude–altitude. “The temperatures, UV and dryness are similar to Mars, so it’s a great proxy,” says Shiladitya DasSarma. Stratosphere. The stratosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The stratosphere has gotten a. Temperatures as high as 0 °C (32 °F) are observed near the top of the stratosphere. It is the second layer of the atmosphere as you go upward. 7. The stratosphere contains most of the ozone of our atmosphere; it is concentrated between 65,000 and 100,000 feet. Introduction [2] The transport of mass and chemical constituents from the stratosphere to the troposphere is an important element of many atmospheric chemistry and climate studies. UV absorption by O2 and O3 significantly heats the stratosphere. The recent projections of climate change considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (1), which focus on the troposphere (up to 10-km altitude), are based on climate models that largely neglect the effects of the stratosphere on climate change. Abstract Using monthly mean data, daily data, and theoretical arguments, relationships between surface pressure variations associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), tropopause height, and the strength of the stratospheric vortex are established. 1 percent. The air in the stratosphere gets warmer with increasing height. STRATOSPHERE . The air is densest in this lowest layer. Editorial Team The orange layer is. stratosphere. NASA - GSFC Meteorological Plots. For this reason, there is not a lot of turbulence in the stratosphere. The temperature drops with height. It extends from a height of approximately 65 km (40 miles) to 85 km (53 miles) above the Earth's surface. The stratosphere can have a significant impact on winter surface weather on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) timescales. More CO2 does NOT increase UV absorption. the stratosphere. Located more than 800 feet above Las Vegas at The STRAT Hotel, Casino & Tower, the award-winning Top of the World offers a dining experience like no other. C. Thermosphere: It is located between about 80 and 700 kilometers above Earth’s surface, whose lowest part contains the ionosphere. Stratosphere Lesson for Kids: Definition & Facts. troposphere:- The troposphere contains particles of dust which serve as nuclear centers for the formation of clouds. The stratosphere is located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. The scientific expertise and research activities of the group members include: Theory and practice of remote sounding of the Earth's atmosphere from satellite platforms. stratosphere, where isentropic surfaces cross the tropopause, the pink region is the free troposphere, and. 3. The air is densest in this lowest layer. There are 4 primary layers of the atmosphere on Earth. 1) The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. 0 scenario. La stratosphère est la couche de l'atmosphère terrestre située entre la troposphère et la mésosphère. Thanksgiving NFL games winners and losers: 49ers and Cowboys impress, Lions not so much. We revisit the various stratosphere–troposphere coupling relation from the perspective of the meridional mass circulation. The mesosphere is above the stratosphere layer. The air in the exosphere is extremely thin - in many ways it is almost the same as the airless void of outer space. 25°C per 100 meters in tropical regions—that is, roughly one-fourth the magnitude of the positive lapse rate of the troposphere. These layers are named in sequence as -1) Troposphere 2) Stratosphere 3)Mesosphere 4) Ionosphere & 5) Exosphere. The seasonal changes of tropopause heights account for a flux of about 10 percent of the. Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center. Between about 85 km and 600 km lies the thermosphere. 2. – There are no clouds in the layer, and though. The stratosphere is very dry, so clouds rarely form here. The density of the atmosphere decreases outward, because the planet’s gravitational attraction, which pulls the gases and aerosols inward, is greatest close to the surface. 1 First-Order Reactions 2111. Prominent underlying processes are the Brewer. La stratosphère est la couche de l'atmosphère terrestre située entre la troposphère et la mésosphère. (2) Stratosphere- This layer extends from the height of about 10 to 50 km above the ground surface. the stratosphere翻译：平流层，同温层。了解更多。The stratosphere is the stable (stratified) layer of atmosphere extending from the tropopause upward to a height of about 50 km ( Fig. The metric units curve fits for the lower stratosphere are: T = -56. Ideally, such an index would (1) represent. This prevents newly formed ClO from being converted back into ClONO 2.